本文只做整理，信息来源：https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/chinese/features/q-and-a/ep-180321

Except

可以加名词，名词短语，从句，介词短语甚至动词。

You are allowed to smoke everywhere except in the lobby.

The dish you cooked was great except that it could use more salt.

对于名词，名词短语：只有句中提到"all, any, every, nobody, nothing"时，except后面才可以加名词、名词短语。

对于动词：只有句中出现 do以及其任何形式时，才可加动词。功能与 but相同。

The boy didn't do anything except cry last night.

The boy didn't do anything but cry last night.

Except for

只能加名词，名词短语。不能加从句。Except for还可以放在句首，但是except不可以

My manager loves my report except for the few mistakes I made.

The parrot is totally green except for its yellow wings.

如果出现"all, any, every, nobody, nothing"，则二者都可以：

I hate all types of desserts except apple crumble.
I hate all types of desserts except for apple crumble.

Nobody I know loves fishing except him.
Nobody I know loves fishing except for him.

Besides 和 Apart from

都是除了……还有的意思。